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  • Question 1 - Na+ is reabsorbed via the Na+/K+/2Cl-symporter in which part of the loop of...

    Correct

    • Na+ is reabsorbed via the Na+/K+/2Cl-symporter in which part of the loop of Henle?

      Your Answer: Thick ascending limb

      Explanation:

      In the thick ascending limb is the part of the loop of Henle in which there is active reabsorption of Na+and Cl- ions from the tubular fluid. This occurs via the Na+/K+/2Cl-symporter on the apical membrane.
      This mechanism is by:
      1. Na+ions are transported across the basolateral membrane by Na+pumps and the Cl-ions by diffusion.
      2. K+leaks back into the tubular fluid via apical ROMK K+channels which creates a positive charge.
      3. This positive charge drives the reabsorption of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) through paracellular pathways.
      4. Due to the thick ascending limb being impermeable to water, the tubular fluid osmolality is reduced by ion reabsorption, the interstitial fluid osmolality is increased, and an osmotic difference is created.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      30.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - How is filtered K+mainly reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop...

    Correct

    • How is filtered K+mainly reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle:

      Your Answer: Secondary active transport via Na + /K + /2Cl - cotransporter

      Explanation:

      Around 30% of filtered K+is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, primarily via the luminal Na+/K+/2Cl-cotransporter, but there is also significant paracellular reabsorption, encouraged by the positive potential in the tubular lumen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      20.7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Regarding renal clearance, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding renal clearance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Creatinine clearance is the gold standard for measurement of GFR.

      Correct Answer: The MDRD equation uses plasma creatinine to estimate the GFR making an adjustment for age, sex and race.

      Explanation:

      Clearance is defined as the volume of plasma that is cleared of a substance per unit time. Inulin clearance is the gold standard for measurement of GFR but creatinine clearance is typically used instead. Creatinine is freely filtered and not reabsorbed, but there is a little creatinine tubular secretion. In practice, GFR is usually estimated from the plasma creatinine using a formula e.g. the MDRD equation making an adjustment for age, sex and race.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      59.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following does not increase renal phosphate excretion? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following does not increase renal phosphate excretion?

      Your Answer: Vitamin D

      Explanation:

      PO43-renal excretion is regulated several mechanisms. These include:
      -parathyroid hormone – increases excretion by inhibiting reabsorption in the proximal tubule
      -acidosis – increases excretion
      -glucocorticoids – increases excretion
      -calcitonin – increases excretion
      -activated vitamin D – decreases excretion by increasing reabsorption in the distal tubule

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      13.2
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Where in the nephron is most K+reabsorbed: ...

    Correct

    • Where in the nephron is most K+reabsorbed:

      Your Answer: Proximal tubule

      Explanation:

      Approximately 65 – 70% of filtered K+is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Potassium reabsorption is tightly linked to that of sodium and water. The reabsorption of sodium drives that of water, which may carry some potassium with it. The potassium gradient resulting from the reabsorption of water from the tubular lumen drives the paracellular reabsorption of potassium and may be enhanced by the removal of potassium from the paracellular space via the Na+/K+ATPase pump. In the later proximal tubule, the positive potential in the lumen also drives the potassium reabsorption through the paracellular route.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      28.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Molecules with a molecular weight of less than which of the following are...

    Correct

    • Molecules with a molecular weight of less than which of the following are filtered freely at the glomerular filtration barrier:

      Your Answer: 7000 Da

      Explanation:

      Molecular weight is the main factor in determining whether a substance is filtered or not – molecules < 7 kDa in molecular weight are filtered freely e.g. glucose, amino acids, urea, ions but larger molecules are increasingly restricted up to 70 kDa, above which filtration is insignificant. Negatively charged molecules are further restricted, as they are repelled by negative charges, particularly in the basement membrane. Albumin has a molecular weight of 69 kDa and is negatively charged, thus only very small amounts are filtered (and all of the filtered albumin is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule), whereas small molecules such as ions, glucose, amino acids and urea pass the filter without hindrance. This means that ultrafiltrate is virtually protein free, but otherwise has an identical composition of that of plasma. The epithelial lining of the Bowman's capsule consists of a single layer of cells called podocytes. The glomerular capillary endothelium is perforated by pores (fenestrations) which allow plasma components with a molecular weight of < 70 kDa to pass freely.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Approximately what percentage of filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule: ...

    Incorrect

    • Approximately what percentage of filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:

      Your Answer: 60 - 70%

      Correct Answer: 80%

      Explanation:

      Bicarbonate is freely filtered at the glomerulus. Less than 0.1% of filtered bicarbonate is normally excreted in the urine (if plasma [HCO3-] increases, maximum tubular transport is exceeded and some HCO3-is excreted in urine). About 80% of bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. For each H+secreted into the lumen, one Na+and one HCO3-are reabsorbed into the plasma. H+is recycled so there is little net secretion of H+at this stage. A further 10 – 15% of HCO3-is similarly reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. In the early distal tubule, H+secretion is predominantly by Na+/H+exchange but more distally, the Na+gradient is insufficient so secretion is via H+ATPase and H+/K+ATPase in intercalated cells, which contain plentiful carbonic acid.

      As secreted H+is derived from CO2, new HCO3-is formed and returns to the blood.H+secretion is proportional to intracellular [H+] which itself is related to extracellular pH. A fall in blood pH will therefore stimulate renal H+secretion. In the proximal tubule secretion of H+serves to reclaim bicarbonate from glomerular filtrate so it is not lost, but in the distal nephron, secretion leads to net acid excretion and generation of new bicarbonate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Regarding calcium handling by the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:...

    Correct

    • Regarding calcium handling by the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Activated vitamin D upregulates Ca 2+ ATPase pumps in the distal tubule.

      Explanation:

      Calcium that is not protein bound is freely filtered in the glomerulus, and there is reabsorption along the nephron.About 70% is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.About 20% is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.This reabsorption is mainly passive and paracellular and driven by sodium reabsorption. Sodium reabsorption causes water reabsorption, which raises tubular calcium concentration, causing calcium to diffuse out of the tubules. The positive  lumen potential also encourages calcium to leave the tubule.About 5 – 10% is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule.Less than 0.5% is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.Calcium reabsorption in the distal nephron is active and transcellular and is the major target for hormonal control.Calcium homeostasis is primarily controlled by three hormones: parathyroid hormone, activated vitamin D and calcitonin.Parathyroid hormone acts on the kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule by activating Ca2+entry channels in the apical membrane and the Ca2+ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane (and to decrease phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule).Activated vitamin D acts to increase calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule via activation of a basolateral Ca2+ATPase pump (and to increase phosphate reabsorption).Calcitonin acts to inhibit renal reabsorption of calcium (and phosphate).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      36.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Regarding bicarbonate handling by the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding bicarbonate handling by the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Tubular HCO 3 - associates with tubular H2O + to form carbonic acid, catalysed by carbonic anhydrase.

      Correct Answer: For each H + secreted into the lumen, one Na + and one HCO 3 - is reabsorbed into the plasma.

      Explanation:

      About 80% of bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. HCO3-is not transported directly, tubular HCO3-associates with H+secreted by epithelial Na+/H+antiporters to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which readily dissociates to form carbon dioxide and water in the presence of carbonic anhydrase. CO2and water diffuse into the tubular cells, where they recombine to form carbonic acid which dissociates to H+and HCO3-. This HCO3-is transported into the interstitium largely by Na+/HCO3-symporters on the basolateral membrane (and H+is secreted back into the lumen). For each H+secreted into the lumen, one Na+and one HCO3-are reabsorbed into the plasma. H+is recycled so there is little net secretion of H+at this stage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      105.8
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Regarding diuretics, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding diuretics, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have their effect by inhibiting bicarbonate reabsorption.

      Explanation:

      Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors e.g. acetazolamide block the reaction of carbon dioxide and water and so prevent Na+/H+exchange and bicarbonate reabsorption. The increased bicarbonate levels in the filtrate oppose water reabsorption. Proximal tubule sodium reabsorption is also reduced because it is partly dependent on bicarbonate reabsorption.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      14.8
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The normal range of arterial HCO3- is: ...

    Correct

    • The normal range of arterial HCO3- is:

      Your Answer: 24 - 30 mmol/L

      Explanation:

      Normal ranges:
      pH = 7.35 – 7.45
      pO2(on air) = 11 -14 kPa
      pCO2= 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
      HCO3-= 24 – 30 mmol/L
      BE = +/- 2 mmol/L

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      19.4
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following is an ECG change typically associated with hyperkalaemia: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is an ECG change typically associated with hyperkalaemia:

      Your Answer: Wide QRS complex

      Explanation:

      Hyperkalaemia causes a rapid reduction in resting membrane potential leading to increased cardiac depolarisation and muscle excitability. This in turn results in ECG changes which can rapidly progress to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. Very distinctive ECG changes that progressively change as the K+level increases:
      K+>5.5 mmol/l – peaked T waves (usually earliest sign of hyperkalaemia), repolarisation abnormalities
      K+>6.5 mmol/l – P waves widen and flatten, PR segment lengthens, P waves eventually disappear
      K+>7.0 mmol/l – Prolonged QRS interval and bizarre QRS morphology, conduction blocks (bundle branch blocks, fascicular blocks), sinus bradycardia or slow AF, development of a sine wave appearance (a pre-terminal rhythm)
      K+>9.0 mmol/l – Cardiac arrest due to asystole, VF or PEA with a bizarre, wide complex rhythm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      9
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The following are all important buffers of H+EXCEPT for: ...

    Correct

    • The following are all important buffers of H+EXCEPT for:

      Your Answer: Calcium

      Explanation:

      Buffers are weak acids or bases that can donate or accept H+ions respectively and therefore resist changes in pH. Buffering does not alter the body’s overall H+load, ultimately the body must get rid of H+by renal excretion if the buffering capacity of the body is not to be exceeded and a dangerous pH reached. Bicarbonate and carbonic acid (formed by the combination of CO2 with water, potentiated by carbonic anhydrase) are the most important buffer pair in the body, although haemoglobin provides about 20% of buffering in the blood, and phosphate and proteins provide intracellular buffering. Buffers in urine, largely phosphate, allow the excretion of large quantities of H+.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      20.4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Water is reabsorbed in which portion of the Henle loop: ...

    Correct

    • Water is reabsorbed in which portion of the Henle loop:

      Your Answer: Thin descending limb

      Explanation:

      The loop of Henle consists of three functionally distinct segments: the thin descending segment, the thin ascending segment, and the thick ascending segment. About 20 percent of the filtered water is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle and almost all of this occurs in the thin descending limb. Na+ and Cl-ions are actively reabsorbed from the tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb via the Na+/K+/2Cl-symporter on the apical membrane. Because the thick ascending limb is water-impermeable, ion reabsorption lowers tubular fluid osmolality while raising interstitial fluid osmolality, resulting in an osmotic difference. Water moves passively out of the thin descending limb as the interstitial fluid osmolality rises, concentrating the tubular fluid. This concentrated fluid descends in the opposite direction of fluid returning from the deep medulla still higher osmolality areas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      19.5
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Regarding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Angiotensin II has a predominant vasoconstrictor effect on the efferent arteriole.

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin II constricts both the afferent and efferent arterioles, but preferentially increases efferent resistance. The net effect of the more prominent increase in efferent tone is that the intraglomerular pressure is stable or increased, thereby tending to maintain or even raise the GFR. Renin is produced by granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Renin cleaves plasma angiotensinogen (produced in the liver) into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) on pulmonary endothelial cells to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts to potentiate sympathetic activity (positive feedback).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      52.5
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Where is angiotensin I primarily converted to angiotensin II: ...

    Correct

    • Where is angiotensin I primarily converted to angiotensin II:

      Your Answer: Lungs

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by the removal of two C-terminal residues by the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). This primarily occurs in the lungs, although it does also occur to a lesser degree in endothelial cells and renal epithelial cells.
      The main actions of angiotensin II are:
      Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle (resulting in increased blood pressure)
      Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole of the glomerulus (resulting in an increased filtration fraction and preserved glomerular filtration rate)
      Stimulation of aldosterone release from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
      Stimulation of anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) release from the posterior pituitary
      Stimulation of thirst via the hypothalamus
      Acts on the Na+/H+ exchanger in the proximal tubule of the kidney to stimulate Na+reabsorption and H+excretion

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is primarily produced in response to: ...

    Correct

    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is primarily produced in response to:

      Your Answer: An increase in intravascular fluid volume

      Explanation:

      Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released from cardiac atrial muscle cells in response to atrial stretch caused by an increase in intravascular fluid volume and is also produced in collecting duct cells.
      Atrial natriuretic peptide acts to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      15
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Glomerular filtration rate can be calculated using any substance that: ...

    Incorrect

    • Glomerular filtration rate can be calculated using any substance that:

      Your Answer: is freely filtered and secreted by the nephron

      Correct Answer: is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the nephron

      Explanation:

      Clearance of a substance can provide an accurate estimate of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) provided that the substance is:freely filterednot reabsorbed in the nephronnot secreted in the nephronnot synthesised or metabolised by the kidney

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      35.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - You are calculating the anion gap on a patient with an acid-base disturbance...

    Correct

    • You are calculating the anion gap on a patient with an acid-base disturbance and you find the anion gap to be low. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the low anion gap:

      Your Answer: Hypoalbuminaemia

      Explanation:

      A low anion gap is frequently caused by hypoalbuminemia. Albumin is a negatively charged protein and its loss from the serum results in the retention of other negatively charged ions such as chloride and bicarbonate. As bicarbonate and chloride anions are used to calculate the anion gap, there is a subsequent decrease in the gap. The anion gap is sometimes reduced in multiple myeloma, where there is an increase in plasma IgG (paraproteinaemia).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      34.5
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - An increased anion gap metabolic acidosis is typically caused by which of the...

    Correct

    • An increased anion gap metabolic acidosis is typically caused by which of the following?

      Your Answer: Propylene glycol overdose

      Explanation:

      Causes of a raised anion gap acidosis can be remember using the mnemonic MUDPILES:
      -Methanol
      -Uraemia (in renal failure)
      -Diabetic ketoacidosis
      -Propylene glycol overdose
      -Infection/Iron overdose/Isoniazid/Inborn errors of metabolism
      -Lactic acidosis
      -Ethylene glycol overdose
      -Salicylate overdose

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      16.6
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which of the following does NOT increase free ionised calcium levels: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following does NOT increase free ionised calcium levels:

      Your Answer: Metabolic acidosis

      Correct Answer: Calcitonin

      Explanation:

      Calcium homeostasis is primarily controlled by three hormones: parathyroid hormone, activated vitamin D and calcitonin.

      Parathyroid hormone acts on the kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule by activating Ca2+entry channels in the apical membrane and the Ca2+ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane (and to decrease phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule).

      Activated vitamin D acts to increase calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule via activation of a basolateral Ca2+ATPase pump (and to increase phosphate reabsorption).

      Calcitonin acts to inhibit renal reabsorption of calcium (and phosphate).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      31.3
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - If the afferent arteriole's diameter is smaller than the efferent arteriole's diameter in...

    Incorrect

    • If the afferent arteriole's diameter is smaller than the efferent arteriole's diameter in the glomerulus:

      Your Answer: The glomerular filtration rate will increase

      Correct Answer: The net filtration pressure will decrease

      Explanation:

      The relative resistance of the afferent and efferent arterioles substantially influences glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and consequently GFR. Filtration is forced through the filtration barrier due to high pressure in the glomerular capillaries. Afferent arteriolar constriction lowers this pressure while efferent arteriolar constriction raises it.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      42.1
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Where does angiotensin II directly act on the renal nephron: ...

    Incorrect

    • Where does angiotensin II directly act on the renal nephron:

      Your Answer: Collecting ducts

      Correct Answer: Proximal tubule

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin II acts to directly increase Na+reabsorption from the proximal tubule (by activating Na+/H+antiporters).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      13.5
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following causes increased aldosterone secretion: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following causes increased aldosterone secretion:

      Your Answer: Hypokalaemia

      Correct Answer: Decreased blood volume

      Explanation:

      Decreased blood volume stimulates the secretion of renin (because of decreased renal perfusion pressure) and initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the cascade by decreasing the production of angiotensin. Hyperosmolarity stimulates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [not aldosterone] secretion. Hyperkalaemia, not hypokalaemia, directly stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. ANP inhibits renin secretion, thereby inhibiting the production of angiotensin and aldosterone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      23.7
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which of the following hormones regulates Na+reabsorption in the proximal tubule: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following hormones regulates Na+reabsorption in the proximal tubule:

      Your Answer: Angiotensin II

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin II increases Na+reabsorption from the proximal tubule (by activating Na+/H+antiporters).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      22
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - About what percentage of filtered Na+is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule: ...

    Incorrect

    • About what percentage of filtered Na+is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:

      Your Answer: 80 - 90%

      Correct Answer: 65 - 70%

      Explanation:

      Of the filtered sodium, about 65% is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Following a decrease in extracellular volume, which of the following is a reaction...

    Correct

    • Following a decrease in extracellular volume, which of the following is a reaction to enhanced sympathetic innervation of the kidney:

      Your Answer: Release of renin

      Explanation:

      The RAS pathway begins with renin cleaving its substrate, angiotensinogen (AGT), to produce the inactive peptide, angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE activation of angiotensin II occurs most extensively in the lung. Angiotensin II mediates vasoconstriction as well as aldosterone release from the adrenal gland, resulting in sodium retention and increased blood pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      21.7
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Angiotensin II acts to cause all but which one of the following effects:...

    Correct

    • Angiotensin II acts to cause all but which one of the following effects:

      Your Answer: Inhibit release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin II acts to:
      Stimulate release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex (which in turn acts to increase sodium reabsorption)
      Cause systemic vasoconstriction
      Cause vasoconstriction of the renal arterioles (predominant efferent effect thus intraglomerular pressure is stable or increased, thereby tending to maintain or even raise the GFR)
      Directly increase Na+reabsorption from the proximal tubule (by activating Na+/H+antiporters)
      Stimulate synthesis and release of ADH from the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary respectively
      Stimulate the sensation of thirst
      Potentiate sympathetic activity (positive feedback)
      Inhibit renin production by granular cells (negative feedback)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      58.5
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Loop diuretics primarily act on which Na+ transporter? ...

    Incorrect

    • Loop diuretics primarily act on which Na+ transporter?

      Your Answer: Na + /H + antiporter

      Correct Answer: Na + /K + /2Cl - symporter

      Explanation:

      The most potent diuretics are loop diuretics e.g. furosemide. They work by inhibiting the Na+/K+/2Cl-symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, which inhibits sodium, potassium, and chloride reabsorption. As a result, there is diuresis with loss of these electrolytes. There is a reduction in transcellular voltage difference, paracellular calcium and magnesium reabsorption.
      The medullary interstitium becomes more concentrated by salt reabsorption in the ascending limb. Loop diuretics block this process and reduce the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine. In the collecting duct, there is increased sodium delivery to the principal cells, which increases potassium secretion in return for sodium reabsorption.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      15.2
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which of the following is typically a cause of a normal anion gap metabolic...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is typically a cause of a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Diarrhoea

      Explanation:

      FUSEDCARS can be used to remember some of the causes of a normal anion gap acidosis:
      Fistula (pancreaticoduodenal)
      Ureteroenteric conduit
      Saline administration
      Endocrine (hyperparathyroidism)
      Diarrhoea
      Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g. acetazolamide)
      Ammonium chloride
      Renal tubular acidosis
      Spironolactone

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Physiology (19/29) 66%
Renal (19/29) 66%
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