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  • Question 1 - The nucleus tractus solitaries is medullary nucleus that processes the following inputs except:...

    Incorrect

    • The nucleus tractus solitaries is medullary nucleus that processes the following inputs except:

      Your Answer: Visceral sensation from the gut and thoracic organs

      Correct Answer: Sensory input from the semi-circular canal (CN VIII)

      Explanation:

      Located in the brain stem is a series of purely sensory nuclei known as tractus solitaries. Inputs of the nucleus tractus solitaries include:Taste information from the facial nerve (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior 1/3) and vagus nerve (small area on the epiglottis).Sensory information from the ear (auricular branch of the vagus nerve).Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) in the carotid body via glossopharyngeal nerve, aortic bodies, and the sinoatrial node, via the vagus nerve.Chemically and mechanically sensitive neurons of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings located in the heart, lungs, airways, gastrointestinal system, pharynx, and liver via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      39.9
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located? ...

    Correct

    • Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?

      Your Answer: Lateral column

      Explanation:

      The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral grey column of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      26.2
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - In response to tissue injury, which of these cannot sensitize and activate nociceptors?...

    Correct

    • In response to tissue injury, which of these cannot sensitize and activate nociceptors?

      Your Answer: Calcium

      Explanation:

      Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin and prostaglandin are all chemical mediators of inflammation with different distinct functions however all activate nociceptors. Calcium on the other hand cannot sensitize or activate nociceptors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which serotonergic receptor is associated with vomiting? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which serotonergic receptor is associated with vomiting?

      Your Answer: 5ht4

      Correct Answer: 5ht3

      Explanation:

      5ht3 is a receptor strongly associated with vomiting, present in vagal afferents, the solitary tract nucleus (STN), and the area posterior. For this reason, 5ht3 antagonists are commonly used as antiemetic drugs. They include ondansetron, tropisetron, and granisetron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      20.8
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The small opening in the cochlea through which the upper scala vestibuli and...

    Correct

    • The small opening in the cochlea through which the upper scala vestibuli and lower scala tympani communicates is called the:

      Your Answer: Helicotrema

      Explanation:

      The helicotrema is the part of cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      155.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Transportation of proteins from the cell body to axonal terminals is known as:...

    Correct

    • Transportation of proteins from the cell body to axonal terminals is known as:

      Your Answer: Axoplasmic flow

      Explanation:

      Transportation of proteins from the cell body to axonal terminals is known as axoplasmic, axonal flow or Axonal transport.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      15.3
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption,...

    Correct

    • In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption, what proportion of the cardiac output at rest goes to the brain?

      Your Answer: 10-15%

      Explanation:

      The rate of cerebral blood flow in the adult is typically 750 millilitres per minute, which is 10-15% of the cardiac output. On average around 13.9% of cardiac output is distributed to the brain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      24.8
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Corticospinal tracts are located in the ___ of the white matter. ...

    Incorrect

    • Corticospinal tracts are located in the ___ of the white matter.

      Your Answer: Posterior and lateral funiculi

      Correct Answer: Anterior and lateral funiculi

      Explanation:

      The corticospinal tract is a descending or a motor tract which projects nerve fibers from the cortex of the cerebrum down to different levels of the spinal cord. The descending corticospinal tract descends from the origin, through the corona radiata, posterior half of the lateral ventricle, and enters the midbrain through the cerebral peduncle. In the medulla they form the medullary pyramids on either side of midline as lateral and anterior fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      190.2
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following is the smallest cell of the nervous system? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is the smallest cell of the nervous system?

      Your Answer: Microglia

      Explanation:

      Microglia are the smallest of the neuroglial cells in the nervous system. They are scattered throughout the central nervous system and have phagocytic properties.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.3
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - What happens first during depolarisation of the membrane potential? ...

    Correct

    • What happens first during depolarisation of the membrane potential?

      Your Answer: Gated Na channels open allowing the influx of Na

      Explanation:

      Generation of an action potential in response to a stimulus is a result of a previously maintained resting membrane potential (RMP). Generation of resting membrane potential is mediated mainly by potassium ions. Several membrane proteins maintain RMP by transport of ions in and out of cell. Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains a concentration gradient of Na+ and K+ ions. Na+ concentration in extracellular fluid is higher compared to intracellular fluid and K+ ion concentration is higher intracellularly. Generation of an action potential facilitates opening of Na+ ion channels which allow for Na+ to diffuse inside the cell according to the concentration gradient.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      29.1
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - A lesion that interrupts one optic nerve causes blindness: ...

    Correct

    • A lesion that interrupts one optic nerve causes blindness:

      Your Answer: In the eye on the same side as the optic nerve

      Explanation:

      The optic nerve on each side contains medial and lateral fibers originating from the retina. Medial fibers cross at the optic chiasm and become the optic tract ending in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe. If there is a lesion interrupting the “optic nerve” on one side, the same side eye will be completely blind.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      73.3
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion? ...

    Correct

    • Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion?

      Your Answer: Α2

      Explanation:

      The activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in pancreatic beta-cells works by inhibiting the secretion of insulin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The thalamus is a large collection of neuronal groups within the diencephalons which...

    Correct

    • The thalamus is a large collection of neuronal groups within the diencephalons which participates in:

      Your Answer: Sensory, motor and limbic

      Explanation:

      The thalamus has multiple functions. It is the relay station for every sensory system (except olfactory, regulates the sleep-wake cycle and consciousness and also relays motor information.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      11.8
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - In the basal ganglia, the Lentiform nucleus is formed by which two nuclei?...

    Incorrect

    • In the basal ganglia, the Lentiform nucleus is formed by which two nuclei?

      Your Answer: Caudate and putamen

      Correct Answer: Putamen and Globus pallidus

      Explanation:

      The Basal Ganglia are composed of the following structures: Caudate, putamen, Globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. The lentiform nucleus comprises of the putamen and the Globus pallidus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The axons of which neurons serve as the only output from the cerebellar...

    Correct

    • The axons of which neurons serve as the only output from the cerebellar cortex?

      Your Answer: Purkinje

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers. The molecular layer, the granule cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle. The Purkinje cells project into the deep cerebellar nuclei. They are the only output cells of the cerebellar cortex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Regarding taste threshold and intensity discrimination: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding taste threshold and intensity discrimination:

      Your Answer: 30% change in concentration of substance tasted is necessary before an intensity difference can be detected

      Explanation:

      The ability of humans to differentiate differences in intensity of taste is poor. A 30% change in the concentration of the substance being tasted is required before an intensity difference is perceived.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      22
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The pathway responsible for the discriminative aspect of pain, is called the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The pathway responsible for the discriminative aspect of pain, is called the:

      Your Answer: Palaeospinothalamic tract

      Correct Answer: Neospinothalamic tract

      Explanation:

      The spinothalamic tract is an ascending or a sensory tract, responsible for transmission of pain and temperature. The neospinothalamic tract is responsible for fast pain or discriminative pain whereas the palaeospinothalamic tract is responsible for transmission of slow pain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      18.7
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Into how many functional units can the cerebellum be divided? ...

    Correct

    • Into how many functional units can the cerebellum be divided?

      Your Answer: 3

      Explanation:

      The functional division of the cerebellum are the: Vestibulocerebellum (floculonodular lobe), Spinocerebellum (vermis and associated areas in the midline) and cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Efferent innervation of the muscle spindle is supplied by which type of motor...

    Correct

    • Efferent innervation of the muscle spindle is supplied by which type of motor neuron?

      Your Answer: Gama – motor neuron

      Explanation:

      The muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is via Type Ia fibers whereas the motor supply is via gamma motor neurons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      28.3
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The Afferent neuron that supplies all sensory elements of the muscle spindle is...

    Correct

    • The Afferent neuron that supplies all sensory elements of the muscle spindle is what type of sensory neuron?

      Your Answer: Ia

      Explanation:

      Muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is Type Ia fibers whereas motor supply is gamma motor neurone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      1.5
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor...

    Correct

    • The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor named:

      Your Answer: mGluR4

      Explanation:

      Umami taste or savoury taste is one of the five basic tastes described as meaty or brothy. Umami taste receptors typically respond to Glutamate. Biochemical studies have identified the taste receptors responsible for the sense of umami as modified forms of mGluR4, mGluR1 and taste receptor type 1 (T1R1), all of which have been found in all regions of the tongue bearing taste buds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      36.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Regarding gustatory sensation: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding gustatory sensation:

      Your Answer: The sensory taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue travel to the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

      Explanation:

      There are three morphologically distinct types of taste buds including; circumvallate, fungiform and foliate. Circumvallate are rounded structures arranged in a v on the back of the tongue. The posterior third travels to glossopharyngeal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      28.4
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Regarding CSF: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding CSF:

      Your Answer: Its volume is about 150ml – 500ml

      Correct Answer: Disruption of arachnoid villi function results in a communicating hydrocephalus

      Explanation:

      In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of the entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has different electrolyte levels. Blockage of the foramina causes an obstructive or non-communicating hydrocephalus. Communicating hydrocephalus or non-obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by impaired CSF reabsorption in the absence of any CSF flow obstruction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      22.1
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Wernicke’s area: ...

    Incorrect

    • Wernicke’s area:

      Your Answer: Is concerned with fine tuning detailed and coordinated patterns for vocalization

      Correct Answer: Is concerned with comprehension of auditory and visual information

      Explanation:

      Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      28.1
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain: ...

    Incorrect

    • The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain:

      Your Answer: The 6 most important branches arise prior to the circle of Willis

      Correct Answer: Following carotid occlusion, precapillary anastomoses are unable to prevent infarction

      Explanation:

      The brain has two sources of blood supply; the internal carotid arteries which are the anterior segment or the main artery that supplies the anterior portion of the brain, and the vertebral arteries which is the posterior segment which supplies the posterior portion of the brain. The internal carotid arteries branch and form two major arteries anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The right and left vertebral arteries fuse together at the level of the pons on the anterior surface of the brainstem to form the midline basilar artery. The basilar artery joins the blood supply from the internal carotids in an arterial ring at the base of the brain called the circle of Willis. The anterior and posterior communicating arteries conjoin the two major sources of cerebral vascular supply via the circle of Willis improving the chances of any region of the brain continuing to receive blood if one of the major arteries becomes occluded.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      41
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:...

    Correct

    • Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:

      Your Answer: Choroid plexus

      Explanation:

      About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Sequence of events in formation of speech are: ...

    Incorrect

    • Sequence of events in formation of speech are:

      Your Answer: Broca’s area---motor cortex---insula---arcuate fasciculus---Wernicke's area---speech

      Correct Answer: Wernicke’s area---arcuate fasciculus---broca’s area---insula---motor cortex---speech

      Explanation:

      Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language. Firstly, the language is accessed in the Wernicke’s area and these words are sent via the arcuate fasciculus to the Broca’s area, where instructions for articulation is generated. This is then sent from Broca’s are to the motor cortex for the articulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      27
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Where do the meningeal veins lie? ...

    Correct

    • Where do the meningeal veins lie?

      Your Answer: Endosteal layer of the dura

      Explanation:

      Meningeal veins lie in the endosteal layer of the dura. The veins lie lateral to the arteries.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      28.7
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - During which stage of sleep is muscle tone in the limbs most reduced?...

    Incorrect

    • During which stage of sleep is muscle tone in the limbs most reduced?

      Your Answer: Stage 2

      Correct Answer: REM

      Explanation:

      Rapid eye movement (REM) stage is marked by extensive physiological changes in the body, such as accelerated respiration, increased brain activity and muscle relaxation. People dream during REM sleep, perhaps as a result of excited brain activity and the paralysis of major voluntary muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      14.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which statement is incorrect regarding nociceptor C fibers… ...

    Correct

    • Which statement is incorrect regarding nociceptor C fibers…

      Your Answer: They are thinly myelinated

      Explanation:

      Group C nerve fibers are unmyelinated and have a small diameter, which means they conduct impulses at a low velocity. They carry sensory information and nociception.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      13.5
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (20/30) 67%
Neurology (20/30) 67%
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