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  • Question 1 - Regarding basophils, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding basophils, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: They are the largest type of granulocyte.

      Correct Answer: They are the second most common type of granulocyte.

      Explanation:

      Basophils are only occasionally seen in normal peripheral blood comprising < 1% of circulating white cells. However, they are the largest type of granulocyte. They have many dark cytoplasmic granules which overlie the nucleus and contain heparin and histamine. They have immunoglobulin E (IgE) attachment sites and their degranulation is associated with histamine release. Basophils are very similar in both appearance and function to mast cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immune Responses
      • Pathology
      17.8
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Liquefactive necrosis is most commonly seen in which of the following conditions: ...

    Correct

    • Liquefactive necrosis is most commonly seen in which of the following conditions:

      Your Answer: Ischaemic stroke

      Explanation:

      Liquefactive necrosis results in the loss of all cellular structure and the formation of a soft, semi-solid mass. This is commonly seen in the brain after a cerebral infarction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - A 78-year-old man complains of lumps in his neck. Several large, non-tender cervical...

    Incorrect

    • A 78-year-old man complains of lumps in his neck. Several large, non-tender cervical lymph nodes are discovered during your examination.

      You arrange for some blood tests, and the results reveal that he has lymphocytosis with a count of 16 x 10 9 /l.

      In this case, what is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

      Correct Answer: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

      Explanation:

      The most common type of adult leukaemia is chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). It develops as a result of relatively mature lymphocytes clonally proliferating. The B-cell lineage accounts for approximately 95% of cases. CLL is primarily a disease of adult men, with men over the age of 50 accounting for more than 75% of CLL patients.

      It is the most indolent form of chronic leukaemia, and it is frequently discovered by chance when blood counts are taken for other reasons, such as ‘well man’ screening tests. The patient may develop lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, and infections as the disease progresses.

      The following are examples of CLL laboratory findings:
      Clonal B cell lymphocytosis (diagnosed at greater than 5 x 109/l, but can reach 300 x 109/l)
      In advanced disease, normocytic, normochromic anaemia is present.

      Patients with autoimmune-related haemolytic anaemias have a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT).

      Although bone marrow aspiration is not always required, it can aid in the diagnosis of CLL. If there has been rapid lymph node enlargement, a lymph node biopsy is required to rule out Richter’s syndrome. This is the transition from low-grade lymphoma to high-grade lymphoma, which is characterised by fever, weight loss, and pain.

      Although there is no cure for CLL, it can be managed with chemotherapy regimens that help patients live longer. Early treatment has no benefit, and the standard treatment for early disease is to watch and wait, with examinations and blood counts every 3 to 12 months. Chemotherapy is usually reserved for patients who have a disease that is active and causing symptoms.

      The following is the overall prognosis for CLL:
      1/3 will not require treatment and will live a long time.
      1/3 will go through an indolent phase before the disease progresses.
      1/3 of patients will have an aggressive disease that requires immediate treatment.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      16.1
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following is NOT mainly characterised by intravascular haemolysis: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT mainly characterised by intravascular haemolysis:

      Your Answer: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

      Correct Answer: Beta-Thalassaemia

      Explanation:

      Causes of intravascular haemolysis:
      Haemolytic transfusion reactions
      G6PD deficiency
      Red cell fragmentation syndromes
      Some severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemias
      Some drug-and infection-induced haemolytic anaemias
      Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      11.4
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Immune Responses (0/1) 0%
Pathology (1/4) 25%
Inflammatory Responses (1/1) 100%
Haematology (0/2) 0%
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